H11

1. Equal opportunity is a policy statement about equally holding that the rules of the game should be the same for everyone. Most of our civil rights policies over the past three decades have presumed that equality of opportunity is a public policy goal. Equal result is a policy statement about equality holding that government has a duty to help break down barriers to equal opportunity. Affirmative action is an example of a policy justified as promoting equal results rather than merely equal opportunities.

2. The 13^th amendment forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

3. The equal protection clause says that states can't unreasonably discriminate against individuals.

4. The due process clause states that state governments must observe fair procedures when they deny a person life, liberty, or property.

5. The 15^th amendment states that the right to vote cannot be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude; gave African Americans the right to vote.

6. Strict scrutiny places the burden of proof on the government, rather than the challengers, to show that the law in question is constitutional. Intermediate scrutiny places the burden of proof partially on the government and partially on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional. Rational-basis test is a test the Supreme Court developed to determine if a law is discriminatory, which is applied to laws dealing with age, disability, income, and similar categories.

7. The purpose of Jim Crow laws was to discriminate based on race.

8. De jure segregation is segregation imposed by law. De facto segregation is segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.

9. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the law that made racial discrimination against any group in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbade many forms of job discrimination.

10. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.

11. White primaries were primary elections in the Southern States in which any non-White voter was prohibited from participating.

12. The grandfather clause is a clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.